Перевод и анализ слов искусственным интеллектом ChatGPT
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- этимология
Что (кто) такое drum up - определение
![goddesses]] ''Sáráhkká'', ''Juoksáhkká'' and ''Uksáhkká'' (3-5).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Excerpt of sami drum with some typical motives.png?width=200 "goddesses]] ''Sáráhkká'', ''Juoksáhkká'' and ''Uksáhkká'' (3-5).")
![hand falder i En Dvalle lige som død og bliver svart og blaa i ansigtet, og mens hand saa liger som død, da kand hand forrette saadant, og mange som er nær død, og siunis som død for menniskens øyen, de kand blive straxt frisk igjen paa samme timme, og naar hand liger i saadan besvimmelse eller Dvalle, da kand han fare vide om kring og forretter meget og kand fortælle mangfoldigt og undelige ting, naar hand opvogner, som hand haver seet og giort, og kand fare vide om landene og i mange steder og føre tidende derfra og føre vise tegen og mercke med sig der fra naar hand er beden der om, og da farer hand og saa i strid i mod sine modstandere og kampis som i En anden verden, indtil at den Ene har lagt livet igien, og er over vunden}}".<ref>[http://www.love.is/roald/iolsen.html Utdrag fra ''Relation om lappernes vildfarelser og overtro''] (1715) på Roald E. Kristiansens nettside ''Samisk Religion''.</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Johannes Schefferus Lapponia sami shaman with drum.png?width=200 "hand falder i En Dvalle lige som død og bliver svart og blaa i ansigtet, og mens hand saa liger som død, da kand hand forrette saadant, og mange som er nær død, og siunis som død for menniskens øyen, de kand blive straxt frisk igjen paa samme timme, og naar hand liger i saadan besvimmelse eller Dvalle, da kand han fare vide om kring og forretter meget og kand fortælle mangfoldigt og undelige ting, naar hand opvogner, som hand haver seet og giort, og kand fare vide om landene og i mange steder og føre tidende derfra og føre vise tegen og mercke med sig der fra naar hand er beden der om, og da farer hand og saa i strid i mod sine modstandere og kampis som i En anden verden, indtil at den Ene har lagt livet igien, og er over vunden}}\".<ref>[http://www.love.is/roald/iolsen.html Utdrag fra ''Relation om lappernes vildfarelser og overtro''] (1715) på Roald E. Kristiansens nettside ''Samisk Religion''.</ref>")
![Schefferus]]' ''Lapponia'' (1673) is an early source for Sámi culture and religion](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lapponia.jpg?width=200 "Schefferus]]' ''Lapponia'' (1673) is an early source for Sámi culture and religion")
![[[Mari Boine]] with a modern drum. Drums are now used both as musical instruments and as symbols of Sámi identity.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Mari Boine2 Warszawa Sep2007b.jpg?width=200 "[[Mari Boine]] with a modern drum. Drums are now used both as musical instruments and as symbols of Sámi identity.")
![A regional typology of drum patterns, with some variations used by [[K.B. Wiklund]] (1930), [[Ernst Manker]]<ref name="M38"/> and Kjellström & Rydving.<ref name="RKHR"/>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sami drum distribution of types geography.svg?width=200 "A regional typology of drum patterns, with some variations used by [[K.B. Wiklund]] (1930), [[Ernst Manker]]<ref name=\"M38\"/> and Kjellström & Rydving.<ref name=\"RKHR\"/>")
![Sami drum in the [[British Museum]], London](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sami magic drum (3080223121).jpg?width=200 "Sami drum in the [[British Museum]], London")
![Small 18th Century Sami Drum in the [[Cambridge University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology]]<ref>[https://collections.maa.cam.ac.uk/objects/457579 CMAA Collection]</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Small 18th Century Sami Drum in the Cambridge University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.jpg?width=200 "Small 18th Century Sami Drum in the [[Cambridge University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology]]<ref>[https://collections.maa.cam.ac.uk/objects/457579 CMAA Collection]</ref>")
![This drum belonged to Morten Olofsson, a Sámi of Åsele, until it was confiscated on New Year's Day 1725 by Petrus Asp, bishop of Härnosand.<ref name="SAMERSE"/><ref name="ÅVK07">Kroik 2007</ref> On this day, 26 drums were confiscated. These drums were all of the same main type of Southern Sámi drum,<ref name="M38"/> known as the Åsele type. Twenty of these now belong to [[Nordiska museet]], and they form a large part of the total number of preserved drums.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sámi mythology shaman drum Samisk mytologi schamantrumma 042.png?width=200 "This drum belonged to Morten Olofsson, a Sámi of Åsele, until it was confiscated on New Year's Day 1725 by Petrus Asp, bishop of Härnosand.<ref name=\"SAMERSE\"/><ref name=\"ÅVK07\">Kroik 2007</ref> On this day, 26 drums were confiscated. These drums were all of the same main type of Southern Sámi drum,<ref name=\"M38\"/> known as the Åsele type. Twenty of these now belong to [[Nordiska museet]], and they form a large part of the total number of preserved drums.")
![game birds]]; thus representing a drum owner who was more of a hunter than a reindeer herder.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sámi mythology shaman drum Samisk mytologi schamantrumma 071.png?width=200 "game birds]]; thus representing a drum owner who was more of a hunter than a reindeer herder.")
![Lule Sámi]] areas. Mentioned by Schefferus in 1673; now at Nordiska museet.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sámi mythology shaman drum Samisk mytologi schamantrumma 072.png?width=200 "Lule Sámi]] areas. Mentioned by Schefferus in 1673; now at Nordiska museet.")
Википедия
A Sámi drum is a shamanic ceremonial drum used by the Sámi people of Northern Europe. Sámi ceremonial drums have two main variations, both oval-shaped: a bowl drum in which the drumhead is strapped over a burl, and a frame drum in which the drumhead stretches over a thin ring of bentwood. The drumhead is fashioned from reindeer hide.
In Sámi shamanism, the noaidi used the drum to get into a trance, or to obtain information from the future, or other realms. The drum was held in one hand, and beaten with the other. While the noaidi was in trance, his "free spirit" was said to leave his body to visit the spirit-world. When used for divination, the drum was beaten with a drum hammer; a vuorbi ('index' or 'pointer'), a kind of die made of brass or horn, would move around on the drumhead when the drum was struck. Future events would be predicted according to the symbols upon which the vuorbi stopped on the membrane.
The patterns on the drum membrane reflect the worldview of the owner and his family, both in religious and worldly matters, such as reindeer herding, hunting, householding, and relations with their neighbours and the non-Sámi community.
Many drums were taken out of Sámi ownership and use during the Christianization of the Sámi people in the 17th and 18th centuries. Many drums were confiscated by Sámi missionaries and other officials as a part of an intensified Christian mission towards the Sámi. Other drums were bought by collectors. Between 70 and 80 drums are preserved; the largest collection of drums is at the Nordic Museum in Stockholm.
